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The Curse of Bewitched Parts I & II.

Original publish date September 11, 2014.

https://weeklyview.net/2014/09/11/the-curse-of-bewitched

Okay, I’m on a tangent. Over the past two weeks I’ve shared the story of “The Curse of Family Affair” about the strange circumstances and tragedies surrounding the popular 1960s TV show, particularly those involving West Lafayette born actress Anissa Jones, who played Buffy on the show. I thought, what better way to kick off the Halloween season than to explore another classic TV show from the same era also judged to be “cursed”? Here is the story of the curse of Bewitched.

Before I assume that everyone remembers the show, here’s the back story. Bewitched was a sitcom that ran for eight seasons on ABC from 1964 to 1972. It starred actress Elizabeth Montgomery as the witch Samantha, Dick York (1964–1969) & Dick Sargent (1969–1972) as the mortal husband Darrin Stephens and Agnes Moorehead as the disapproving witch of a mother-in-law, Endora. The show is about an ordinary mortal man who marries a witch who then tries to assimilate to the life of a typical suburban housewife. The show finished as the number two show in America during its debut season, and became the longest-running supernatural-themed sitcom of the 1960s–1970s. The show was in the Nielsen top 10 for its first three seasons, top 25 for the next three seasons and fell out of the top 30 during it last two seasons. The show remains popular in syndication and is a top seller on DVD. In 2002, Bewitched was ranked # 50 on “TV Guide’s 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time”.

Elizabeth Montgomery.

The plot: Samantha pledges to forsake her powers and become a typical suburban housewife but her magical family disapproves of the mixed marriage and frequently interferes in the couple’s lives. Episodes often begin with Darrin becoming the victim of a spell cast by his wife’s mystical family or a miscast spell by Samantha. The effects of these spells wreak havoc with mortals, particularly Darrin’s boss, clients, parents, and neighbors. By show’s end, Darrin and Samantha overcome the devious elements that failed to separate them with episodes most often ending with a kiss and a hug.

Elizabeth Montgomery and her father Robert Montgomery.

Although the plots were often well thought out and history based, what made the show a screaming success was the enchantingly beautiful Elizabeth Montgomery. Elizabeth was the daughter of Hollywood heartthrob leading man Robert Montgomery, who played the on screen love interests of Greta Garbo, Carole Lombard and Norma Shearer during his career and who was nominated for an Academy Award in 1948. She was on her way to becoming a movie star in her own right. After narrowly missing out on the co-starring role alongside Marlon Brando in “On the Waterfront” in 1954, she turned her attention to television.

The Stephens’ house at 1164 Morning Glory Circle.

The main setting for most scenes is the Stephens’ house at 1164 Morning Glory Circle (in either Westport, Connecticut or Patterson, New York depending on who you believe). Many scenes also take place at the Madison Avenue advertising agency “McMann and Tate” where Darrin works.  Samantha’s mother, Endora (Agnes Moorehead), is Darrin’s chief antagonist. Endora loathes mortals and disapproves of Darrin, as do most of Samantha’s relatives. Endora refuses to speak Darrin’s name, alternatively calling him “Durwood”, “What’s-his-name”, “Darwin”, “Dum-Dum”, etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as “Darrin” only eight times during the entire series, an average of once per year. Endora’s ploys to provoke a breakup always fail as Samantha and Darrin’s love overcomes every obstacle.

Agnes Moorehead (center) with her TV Family.
McMann & Tate Advertising Agency Office 1965. Larry Tate (David White) Center.

Darrin works as an executive at the McMann and Tate advertising agency under his profit-obsessed boss Larry Tate (David White). Tate’s opinions turn on a dime to appease any client in an attempt to land a deal. Across the street from Darrin and Samantha lives a retired couple, the nosy and tactless Gladys Kravitz (played by Alice Pearce & Sandra Gould) and her husband Abner (George Tobias). Gladys’ snooping often results in her witnessing witchcraft or its strange side effects. She frequently tries to prove Samantha is a witch, only to fail and be branded delusional by Abner. Samantha’s father, Maurice Evans, is an over-the-top thespian who often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse.

Darrin’s Parents Frank (Robert F. Simon) & Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson).

Darrin’s parents, the strait-laced Phyllis (Mabel Albertson) and laid-back Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon & Roy Roberts), visit occasionally but never learn of Samantha’s supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits, and often complains of “a sick headache” after accidentally witnessing a spell in motion. Samantha’s Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora’s prank-loving brother, makes several appearances. Undoubtedly, the most beloved supporting cast member was Samantha’s Aunt Clara (Marion Lorne). The bumbling, elderly, absent-minded-but-lovable Aunt Clara’s spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits become her trademark: plopping down a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over a thousand doorknobs (inspired by Lorne’s real-life collection).

Samantha and Aunt Clara (actress Marion Lorne).

In the second season, Samantha gives birth to a daughter, Tabitha and later in the series has a son, Adam. Both eventually prove to have supernatural powers. When illness befalls the family, Samantha seeks assistance from the warlock Dr. Bombay (Bernard Fox), a womanizer most often accompanied by a buxom assistant, and who constantly cracks bad jokes. He could be summoned by the phrase, “Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away.” When Dr. Bombay proves ineffective, help is occasionally sought from the unnamed witches’ apothecary (Bernie Kopell of Loveboat fame), an amorous old warlock.

Bernard Fox as Dr. Bombay.

Bewitched not only led the league in improbable plot devices, the series itself seemed to defy reasonable logic. From 1969 to 1971, Samantha’s cousin Serena was also played by Elizabeth Montgomery, who in the credit roll is identified as “Pandora Spocks” (a spin on the phrase “Pandora’s box”). The producers made little attempt to disguise Serena. Aside from having coal black hair and a beauty mark on her cheek, Serena is identical to Samantha in everything except demeanor. She wears mini-skirts and openly flirts with Darrin’s boss Larry Tate just for sport.

Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha’s Cousin Serena.

But the strangest pill for fans to swallow was the riddle of the “Two Darrin’s”. Right in the middle of the show, Dick York disappeared and was replaced by Dick Sargent. Like his costar Montgomery, York was on his way to movie stardom after his appearance in the 1960 Spencer Tracy film “Inherit the Wind” along with high profile episodes of The Twilight Zone, Gunsmoke, Wagon Train, I Dream of Jeannie, and Adam-12. York was so popular with his fans and peers that he was nominated for an Emmy for his portrayal of Darrin in 1968. Things seemed to be going great for both York and Bewitched.

Elizabeth Montgomery, Erin Murphy, Dick York.
Elizabeth Montgomery, Erin Murphy, Dick Sargent.

But Dick York had a secret he didn’t tell the show’s producers when he accepted the role back in 1964. In 1959 York appeared in a movie called “They Came to Cordura”. The western starred Gary Cooper, Rita Hayworth, Van Heflen, and Tab Hunter and during filming York severely injured his back. This injury caused constant excruciating pain and led to a daily ritual of drugs, pills, and painkillers. That ritual became an addiction. Eventually, everyone noticed and it became routine to have scenes and plots rewritten so Darrin could be filmed seated, lying down, or reclining (usually at his office desk, in bed or on the couch at home) as much as possible. But due to the physical slapstick comedy nature of the sitcom, situations often arose that made filming in such a manner an impossibility.

Elizabeth Montgomery, Maurice Evans, & Dick York.

In one such episode, York was hanging 15 feet in the air, alongside warlock father-in-law (Maurice Evans) on the show. It had been a bad day already for York; he was taking pills to sleep at night and receiving shots of Novocaine and cortisone in his back to keep working. While atop the elevated platform, York felt dizzy and weak in the knees and ask that the lift be lowered to the ground. Once down, the naturally shaky actor collapsed and was rushed to the hospital. The show’s producer, Bill Asher (Elizabeth Montgomery’s husband in real life) visited York in the hospital as he was recuperating. There he learned the details of York’s affliction and asked him point blank if he wanted to quit the show. York said yes. Dick Sargent was immediately hired to replace Dick York as “Darrin number 2.” Bewitched fans tuned in and were aghast at the change. To paraphrase Timothy Leary’s popular slogan of the day, the fans “Tuned in, were turned off and dropped out”. Unlike York before him, Sargent’s Darrin openly challenged his witchy in-laws, much to the disdain of viewers. The show’s dynamic changed and the ratings plummeted. In 1969, Dick York’s final season as Darrin, the show was a ratings hit at #11, but when Sargent took over, ratings dropped and the show sank to #24. Little did they know, the “Two Darrin’s” switch signaled the end of the series and the beginning of the curse of Bewitched.

PART II.

Original publish date September 18, 2014.

https://weeklyview.net/2014/09/18/the-curse-of-bewitched-part-2

Okay, if you read last week’s article on the Curse of Bewitched, you’re up to speed. If not, Google it and you’ll be just fine. The show ran for 8 seasons from 1964 to 1972 on ABC-TV. For decades after the sitcom ceased production, rumors of a curse attached to the show persisted; undoubtedly fueled by the supernatural nature of the show’s theme. Deaths, both during and after production, seemed to plague the show.

While the show was in production, Alice Pearce, who played nosey neighbor Gladys Kravitz died of ovarian cancer on March 3, 1966. Pearce had been diagnosed with terminal cancer before Bewitched began but kept her illness a secret. Her rapid weight loss was quite evident during the second season of the sitcom. She died at age 48 from ovarian cancer towards the end of the second year of Bewitched. Although Pearce absence was noted by fans, she was quickly replaced by Sandra Gould.

Alice Pearce (Gladys Kravitz) with Elizabeth Montgomery.
Sandra Gould (Gladys Kravitz) with TV husband George Tobias.
Aunt Clara and Endora.

The next death on Bewitched hit the fans much harder. On May 9, 1968 Marion Lorne, who played the beloved, bumbling Aunt Clara, died at age 82 of a heart attack in her Manhattan apartment, just prior to the start of production of the show’s fifth season. She had appeared in twenty-seven episodes of Bewitched. She received a posthumous Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on the show. The statue was accepted by Bewitched star Elizabeth Montgomery. The producers of Bewitched recognized that Aunt Clara could never be replaced by another actress so actress Alice Ghostley was cast as “Esmeralda”, a different type of befuddled witch whose magic spells often went astray.

Two years after the show ended but while the sitcom was still quite fresh in the hearts and minds of viewers, Agnes Moorehead, who played Samantha’s mother Endora died of uterine cancer on April 30th, 1974 at age 73. Moorehead had appeared in the 1956 movie “The Conqueror”, which was filmed in Utah-downwind from the Yucca Flat, Nevada, nuclear test site. She was one of over 90 (of 220) cast and crew members- including co-stars Susan Hayward, John Wayne, and Pedro Armendariz, as well as director-producer Dick Powell-who developed cancer; at least 46 died from the disease. No bombs were tested during the filming of The Conqueror, but eleven explosions occurred the year prior.  As she lay dying, she reportedly said: “I should never have taken that part.” Moorehead was nominated for an Oscar four times and played Orson Welles’ mother in the legendary Citizen Kane. She is buried at Dayton Memorial Park in Dayton, Ohio.

Roy Roberts as Frank Stephens.

After Moorehead’s death, Bewitched cast members started dropping like flies. Roy Roberts (Frank Stephens) died of a heart attack in May 1975 at age 75. George Tobias (Abner Kravitz): February 1980, age 78, bladder cancer. Paul Lynde (Uncle Arthur): January 1982, age 55, heart attack. Mabel Albertson (Phyllis Stephens): September 1982, age 81, Alzheimer’s disease. Maurice Evans (Maurice): March 1989, age 87, cancer. Robert F. Simon (Frank Stephens): November 1992, age 83, heart attack. Irene Vernon (Louise Tate): April 1998, age 76, unspecified illness. Sandra Gould (Gladys Kravitz): July 1999, age 82, complications following heart surgery. Kasey Rogers (Louise Tate): July 2006, age 80, stroke. Alice Ghostley (Esmeralda): September 2007, age 81, colon cancer and stroke. Looking over that list and at the ages of the deceased, it can be argued that nature was simply taking it’s natural course.

Kasey Rogers as Louise Tate.
Alice Ghostley as Esmerelda.

But conspiracy theorists point to the deaths of four other main cast members in the early 1990s as the driving force behind the curse of Bewitched. David White who played Darrin’s boss Larry Tate became a recluse in the last years of his life after his son, Jonathan, was killed in the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. By a tragic twist, the actor lost his wife, Mary Welch, as she was giving birth to Jonathan in 1958.  White continued to work in TV regularly after Bewitched in shows such as Columbo and The Rockford Files. Although he remarried after his first wife’s death, he disappeared from public life for a year after his son died. He died in November 1990 from a heart attack.

Jonathan Tate & father Larry Tate.

Dick York, the original Darrin, continued to battle his back pain induced addiction to prescription pain killers or ever came to grips with the loss of his career. After leaving Bewitched, Dick York’s career dried up and he faded into relative obscurity. Word of drug addiction spreads like wildfire in a town like Hollywood where time is money and schedules are tight. York’s career pretty much died on the vine. It didn’t help that Elizabeth Montgomery didn’t get along with him either. He remained on his back for a full year after leaving Bewitched and was nearly destitute soon after. Bad investments had left him broke, and his teeth rotted out (a common problem for drug abusers), so he and his wife were reduced to cleaning houses for a living. He appeared on several prime-time television series including Simon & Simon and Fantasy Island, but York remained a three-pack-a-day smoker. York died of complications at the age of 63 from emphysema in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, on February 20, 1992. He is buried in Plainfield Cemetery in Rockford, Michigan.

The Two Darrins: Dick York & Dick Sargent.

Ironically, Dick Sargent, Darrin # 2 was next. Dick Sargent never really caught on with the show’s loyal viewers. Many blamed the show’s cancellation 3 years later on him. Fans didn’t realize that the similar-looking Sargent had originally been offered the part before York in 1964. Like York, Sargent had a secret. He was gay. Had the producers known this, it is highly unlikely he would have been offered the role in the first place. Hollywood was a very different place in the 1960s. Sargent was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1989. In 1991, he came out of the closet and bravely became an early gay role model.  Sargent died on July 8, 1994 at age 64. His remains were cremated. Elizabeth Montgomery commented, “He was a great friend, and I will miss his love, his sense of humor and his remarkable courage.” Sadly, less than a year after making those comments, Montgomery was gone.

The premature passing of actress Elizabeth Montgomery appears to have been the catalyst that sparked rumors about a curse. Coming so close upon the heels of the deaths of two of her Bewitched co-stars it prompted whispers that a malevolent force was at work. Other than the children in the show, the trio of Samantha and the two Darrin’s were the youngest characters in Bewitched. Montgomery’s death caused those looking for the workings of dark forces to re-examine the deaths of the two actors who had played Darrin Stephens in the series. The modes of death of cast members (cancer, heart attack, stroke, emphysema, Alzheimer’s) were deemed by conspiratorialists as unnatural and untimely. It may be closer to the truth to say that fans just couldn’t deal with the death of their favorite TV witch, Elizabeth Montgomery.

Wriggling her witch’s nose, Elizabeth Montgomery was America’s sweetheart. Samantha Stephens’ trademark nose-twitch was a natural quirk of Montgomery’s; Elizabeth unconsciously twitched her nose when she was frustrated. Her TV character could get anything she desired with just a magical twitch of her nose accompanied by a xylophone sound effect. But off-screen the blonde beauty struggled to find happiness, running through four tumultuous marriages and bewitching many of Hollywood’s leading men along the way. She cast a spell on stars as Elvis Presley, Dean Martin and Gary Cooper. Despite her privileged upbringing she was very down-to-earth. Perhaps that’s why she bewitched so many of the men in her life. She shunned the Hollywood lifestyle and didn’t like the fakeness of Hollywood and its people. But the daughter of movie legend Robert Montgomery suffered from a “father complex”, often falling in love with older men and hopeless relationships.

A very young Elizabeth Montgomery in an ad for the Desert Inn Casino Las Vegas.

Elizabeth was a teen when her parents divorced which strained her relationship with her father even further. She was forever conflicted, trying to please her father but also rebelling against him. She wanted him to play her father on Bewitched but he refused. Allegedly because he resented the fact that his daughter had become a bigger star than he was. Later when she appeared in the TV movie “The Legend of Lizzie Borden”, about a woman accused of killing her parents with an axe, Robert Montgomery was horrified and scolded his daughter by telling her: “You would!” He took it as a personal affront-as if she secretly wanted to kill her own father. Robert Montgomery was a staunch Republican and Elizabeth became a fervent Democrat, fighting for social causes that antagonized her father.

Elizabeth Montgomery with her father, Robert Montgomery and mother, Elizabeth Bryan Allen.

Her first husband was rich New York socialite Frederick Gallatin Cammann, a decade older than Elizabeth, he wanted her to quit acting and be a stay-at-home wife but Elizabeth took off for California and a career and their marriage went south a year later.

20-year-old Elizabeth Montgomery and her first of four husbands, Frederick Gallatin Cammann, on their wedding day, March 1954.
Elizabeth Montgomery & Gig Young.

Her second husband was Oscar winning movie star Gig Young, 25 years her senior and at 48 almost her father’s age. Elizabeth was 22 and infatuated but Gig Young was an alcoholic and their marriage broke down after seven years. (Young later shot his fith wife to death and killed himself in a murder-suicide in 1978).

Elizabeth’s third husband was Bewitched producer Bill Asher another older man. That marriage ended in divorce in 1973.

Elizabeth Montgomery & John F. Kennedy.

She was a close friend of President John F Kennedy and considering JFK’s unquenchable thirst for beautiful women, it is not hard to suppose that there were encounters between them. But if anything happened Elizabeth never talked about it. Despite enjoying a popularity that bordered on mania, Montgomery never won an Emmy, although she was nominated for eight of them (and four Golden Globe awards). Elizabeth refused to play the Hollywood social game and never took out ads begging for award consideration. She wanted her work to speak for itself.

Elizabeth Montgomery & Dick York.

Bewitched was one of the Sixties’ biggest hit TV comedies but behind the scenes lay a turbulent drama. Elizabeth Montgomery didn’t get along with Dick York. Like every other man who ever encountered her, York was in love with her. York’s attraction made Elizabeth uncomfortable and when York’s addiction to painkillers caused him to repeatedly miss episodes, it became evident to everyone that he had to go. Agnes Moorehead was very fond of Dick York and didn’t want to see him go. She and Sargent had great on set battles , which reduced Sargent to tears on several occasions. Montgomery and Sargent became lifelong friends based largely on these squabbles.

Elizabeth Montgomery & Dick Sargent.

The caustic atmosphere of a divisive set caused Elizabeth to quit the show after the fifth season but ABC offered her so much money she couldn’t refuse. By the show’s final season Elizabeth began to appear in episodes bra-less as a nod to the women’s liberation, and if you watch the later shows, you can tell. Although the fans often blame Sargent for the show’s demise in 1972, the truth is that when her contract was up ABC offered her another fortune to stay but she turned it down. The show had been the highest rated series ever for the network and had been renewed for a ninth season to run from 1972 to 1973. But after eight seasons she’d had enough. She wanted to get as far away from Samantha Stephens as she could. She sought out challenging roles, playing a sexual assault victim in “A Case Of Rape” (1974). an axe killer in “The Legend Of Lizzie Borden” (1975) and a pioneer woman facing hardship in 1820s Ohio in the mini-series “The Awakening Land” (1978). She became known as the “Queen of the TV Movie.”

Elizabeth Montgomery in the Legend of Lizzie Borden 1975.

Montgomery lined a wall of her home with photos from all her movies – but none from Bewitched. Though she wearied of Bewitched Montgomery had the last laugh: she owned 20 percent of the show and made millions from residuals. During Bewitched’s run, she was a vocal critic of the Vietnam War. In the late 1980s and early 1990s she narrated a series of political documentaries, including “Coverup: Behind the Iran Contra Affair” (1988) and the Academy Award winning “The Panama Deception” (1992). She was one of the earliest stars to support Aids victims by actively campaigning for gay rights. In June 1992, Montgomery and Dick Sargent were Grand Marshals at the Los Angeles Gay Pride Parade. Montgomery was an outspoken champion of abortion, women’s rights and gay rights throughout her life.

Elizabeth Montgomery & Dick Sargent Grand Marshals of 1992 L.A. Gay Pride Festival.

Among her most tormented lovers was former ballet star Alexander Godunov turned actor (Witness and Die Hard). However, he was a hopeless alcoholic who was rumored to be abusive and self-destructive. In 1973, Elizabeth began her longest personal relationship when she met former Falcon Crest star Robert Foxworth, nine years her junior. They were a couple for 20 years before they finally wed in 1993-soon after she ended her affair with Alexander Godunov who descended into an alcohol fueled nose dive at the news.

Alexander Godunov.

In the spring of 1995, Montgomery was diagnosed with colorectal cancer only 18 months after the couple was wed. She experienced (and ignored) flu-like symptoms during the filming of the “Deadline for Murder” TV series, which wrapped in late March 1995. By the time the cancer was diagnosed, it was too late for medical intervention. With no hope of recovery and unwilling to die in a hospital, she chose to return to the home that she shared with Foxworth. Her death came quickly, only eight weeks after the diagnosis. She joked that she wanted pina colada in her IV drip and when the end came in her 26-room Beverly Hills mansion she sent her family away from her deathbed, wishing to die alone. Early on the morning of May 18, 1995, Montgomery died peacefully in her bed. Ironically Godunov died that same day. Elizabeth Montgomery was 62 and she was still gorgeous.

Elizabeth Montgomery & Robert Foxworth.

On June 18, 1995, a memorial service was held at the Canon Theatre in Beverly Hills. Herbie Hancock provided the music, and Dominick Dunne spoke about their early days as friends in New York City. Other speakers included her husband, Robert Foxworth, who read out sympathy cards from fans, friends and family. Her remains were cremated at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery and scattered. Elizabeth Montgomery had a summer home in Patterson, New York. Following her death, the 800-acre estate became Wonder Lake State Park.

Wonder Lake State Park in New York.

On April 19, 1998, an auction and sale of Montgomery’s clothing was held by her family to benefit the AIDS Healthcare Foundation of Los Angeles. Erin Murphy, who played Tabitha on the series, modeled the clothing that was auctioned. In June 2005, a bronze statue of Montgomery as Samantha Stephens was erected in Salem, Massachusetts. Ironically, Elizabeth and Lizzie Borden were sixth cousins once removed, both descending from 17th-century Massachusetts resident John Luther. It is hard to escape the irony that America’s TV sweetheart, Elizabeth Montgomery, is associated with two of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts most popular, yet spooky, destinations: Salem and Fall River. Next week, I’ll take you on a tour of both.

Rhonda Hunter with the Elizabeth Montgomery Bewitched statue Salem Massachusetts 9/12/2014.
Elizabeth Montgomery autographed photo.
Criminals, Politics, Pop Culture

J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Hoover-MLK

Original publish date:  December 5, 2019

Politics. No matter where you go, you can’t escape it. No doubt last week Thanksgiving tables all across the Hoosier state either artfully dodged or spiritedly discussed politics in one form or another. Luckily, if you don’t like the political situation in this country, you can do your part to change it by exercising your right to vote. But what about the influence wielded by those most powerful “influencers” who never ran for office nor received a single vote? I’m not talking about the Kardashians, Oprah, Ellen or Taylor Swift. They may influence style and pop culture, but they do not steer public policy.

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An argument could be made that today we are living within the most powerful unelected government in history of the United States. I would imagine that the average citizen could name more unelected policy influencers than they could legislators. Doubt that? Names like Buffet, Gates, Zuckerberg, the Koch Brothers, Limbaugh, Hannity, Maher, O’Reilly, Soros, Bezos, Musk ring a bell? However, any child of the sixties would counter those examples with names like Dylan, Lennon, Leary, Ali, Malcolm X, and Chavez. The difference is that today’s policy influencers attempt change through money while baby boomer influencers attempted change through ideals. In the case of the sixties, the two most powerful unelected influencers came from opposite ends of the spectrum. They were FBI leader J. Edgar Hoover and Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Although J. Edgar Hoover was never elected to any office, for decades, he was every bit as powerful as any person in the country. Hoover’s power emanated from his leadership of the FBI but was enhanced by his ready use of blackmail and, ironically, other criminal practices to stay in power. Since his death in 1972, Hoover’s legacy remains in conflict. Hoover’s critics say he harassed civil rights leaders, discriminated against gays (particularly federal workers) and gathered incriminating evidence to blackmail political figures; friend and foe. While his supporters point to Hoover’s modernization of law enforcement methods, his standardization of the the FBI’s fingerprint database and for bringing forensic science into criminal investigations as his legacy.

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During a three week period 55 years ago, the dichotomy of the Hoover-King affair was defined. On Nov. 18, 1964, Hoover told a gathering of women reporters, “In my opinion, Dr. Martin Luther King is the most notorious liar in the country.” Hoover’s statement was in response to Dr. King’s suggestion that the F.B.I. was not doing enough to protect Freedom Riders fighting Jim Crow racism in the South. That “Freedom Summer” campaign to get African Americans to register to vote was marred by violence, including the killings of three civil rights workers in Mississippi.
Hoover’s comments prompted a request by Dr. King for a meeting with the Director. “I was appalled and surprised at your reported statement maligning my integrity,” King wrote in a telegram to Hoover. “What motivated such an irresponsible accusation is a mystery to me.” King turned the tables on the Director by telling reporters: “I cannot conceive of Mr. Hoover making a statement like this without being under extreme pressure….I have nothing but sympathy for this man who has served his country so well.” In contrast, privately Hoover called King “the burrhead” and “a tom cat with degenerate sexual urges.”z mlk-fbi-1
But before that meeting could be arranged, FBI assistant director and head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, William C. Sullivan, sent an anonymous letter to King, threatening to make public the civil rights leader’s sex life. Hence known colloquially as the “suicide letter” for its suggestion that King kill himself to avoid the embarrassing revelations, it is unknown whether the letter was sent at Hoover’s direction. However, a full and uncensored copy can be found in Hoover’s confidential files at the National Archives. The letter dictated: “There is only one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy, abnormal, fraudulent self is bared to the nation”.
On Dec. 1st, Dr. King meets with J. Edgar Hoover to discuss the perceived slander campaign by the Director. Hoover later told Time magazine, “I held him in complete contempt…First I felt I shouldn’t see him, but then I thought he might become a martyr if I didn’t.” Hoover hated King for several reasons, first, because he believed King was a Communist, but also for King’s criticism of the FBI for failing to solve civil rights-related crimes. And, as Wm. Sullivan wrote in his memoir, “Hoover was opposed to change, to the civil rights movement, and to blacks.”

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John F. Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover & Robert F. Kennedy

In 1963 Hoover used the King Communist accusation to convince Attorney General Robert Kennedy to allow the FBI tap King’s phones and bug his hotel rooms. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for “limited wiretapping” of Dr. King’s phones “on a trial basis, for a month or so”, Hoover extended the clearance so his men were “unshackled” to look for evidence in any areas of King’s life they deemed worthy. The bugs revealed that King was having extramarital affairs, which disgusted Hoover, a lifelong bachelor whose own sexuality remains a mystery. The bug also picked up King describing Hoover as, “old and senile.” Hoover shared his tapes of King’s sexual romps with President Lyndon Johnson, who then allegedly played them for his aides. Hoover also directed his assistants to leak the details of King’s sex life to reporters. A tape was also sent anonymously to King’s wife Coretta.

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Hoover & LBJ

Around Thanksgiving, Newsweek reported that President Johnson had decided to “find a new chief of the FBI.” FBI agent Sullivan wrote that it was “Johnson who ordered Hoover to meet with King and patch things up.” Hoover ordered his aide Cartha DeLoach, “Make sure the meeting is in my office. And no press. Do you hear me, no press!” While DeLoach followed orders no-one informed Dr. King’s aides, and when the civil rights leader arrived at Hoover’s office, there was a mob of reporters waiting outside.
The 69-year-old Hoover met with the 35-year-old Dr. King and his aides, Ralph Abernathy and Andrew Young. “I’m grateful for the opportunity to meet with you,” King said. He told Hoover that he appreciated the work the FBI had done in civil rights cases and said that while “Many Negroes have complained that the FBI has been ineffective but I, myself discount such criticism. And I want to assure you that I have been seriously misquoted in the matter of slurs against the FBI.” Dr. King’s statement took about two minutes. After which, Hoover spoke without stopping for the better part of an hour extolling the virtues of the FBI and denouncing the communists. Meanwhile, America’s greatest Civil Rights orator sat quietly and listened.
During the meeting, Hoover was asked why the FBI didn’t have more black agents. “The problem is, we require not only a college diploma, but in most cases an advanced degree,” Hoover said. “We won’t water down our qualifications because of the color of a person’s skin.” The meeting ended without addressing the issues that had prompted the meeting. “We never got around to discussing the ‘most notorious liar’ business. Nor did we even get to mention the FBI surveillance,” Andrew Young later wrote in his memoir. “In fact, nothing happened except that Hoover rambled on and on about the virtues of the FBI.”
z famous-disputes-hoover-kingIn 1970, two years after King’s assassination, Hoover told a Time reporter. “King was very suave and smooth. He sat right there where you’re sitting and said he never criticized the FBI. I said, ‘Mr. King’-I never called him reverend- ‘stop right there. You’re lying….If you ever say anything that’s a lie again, I’ll brand you a liar again.’ Strange to say, he never attacked the Bureau again for as long as he lived.” Nobody else present that day remembered that confrontation-not Young, not Abernathy, not even Deputy Director Deke DeLoach, who was taking notes that afternoon.

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Deke Deloach and J. Edgar Hoover.

In the years after that meeting, Hoover tasked several FBI agents to 24-hour monitoring of the activities of Dr. King. The FBI Director directed his agents to set up wiretaps, monitor travel, conduct surveillance, and record all of King’s activities- including those he met with, what they discussed, how long they stayed, and how often they interacted- in an attempt to discredit or charge him with something.
President Truman once said, “We want no Gestapo or secret police. The FBI is tending in that direction.” J. Edgar Hoover used his power to further his own agenda and secure his position as leader of the most powerful law enforcement agency in the country. And black people were a favorite target of Hoover’s FBI. Legal scholar Randall Kennedy said that Hoover “viewed protest against white domination as tending toward treason.” This view of the world led Hoover to align himself with all of the forces of racial oppression, but he may have done his greatest damage not through action, but through inaction. He relentlessly pursued high profile targets like the Black Panthers, but neglected to protect the basic human rights of “ordinary” black citizens.
Because Hoover hated communists as much as he hated black people, he often equated one with the other, claiming that the civil rights movement was a tool of the communist party. Make no mistake about it though, J. Edgar Hoover’s enemies list did not end with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. The great crime fighting G-man’s other targets included Ralph Abernathy, Muhammad Ali, James Baldwin, H. Rap Brown, Stokely Carmichael, Eldridge Cleaver, Tom Hayden, Ernest Hemingway, Abbie Hoffman, Malcolm X, and Huey P. Newton and wiretappings and illegal break-ins of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that King headed.

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Dr. King accepting the Nobel Prize.

While the Hoover-King meeting was deemed unremarkable and went mostly unnoticed by the American press, it was viewed otherwise by the citizens of the world at large. On Dec. 10th, 1964 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Dr Martin Luther King Jr., making him the youngest winner of the prestigious award. Officially, it was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S. At Dr. King’s acceptance speech in Oslo, he remarked, “I accept the Nobel Prize for Peace at a moment when 22 million Negroes of the United States of America are engaged in a creative battle to end the long night of racial injustice…I accept this award today with an abiding faith in America and an audacious faith in the future of mankind. I refuse to accept despair as the final response to the ambiguities of history…I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality…I believe that wounded justice, lying prostrate on the blood-flowing streets of our nations, can be lifted from this dust of shame to reign supreme among the children of men…I still believe that We Shall overcome!”
After King accepted the Nobel Peace Prize, Hoover wrote his reaction on a news clipping: “King could well qualify for the ‘top alley cat’ prize.” And even by 1969, a year after Dr. King’s death, FBI efforts to discredit the Civil Rights leader had not slackened. The Bureau furnished ammunition to opponents that enabled attacks on King’s memory, and tried to block efforts to honor the slain leader. The campaign to tarnish Dr. King’s legacy persisted until Hoover’s death in 1972.

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MLK and Hoover.

Hoover’s meeting with Dr. King 55 years ago did nothing to enhance his personal legacy. Today, he is remembered as a cross-dressing closet homosexual suffering from paranoid delusions. But could self-loathing also qualify as a symptom of Hoover’s obsession of Dr. King, the Civil Rights movement and personal persecution of the black race?
In his 1993 book “Official and Confidential” author Anthony Summers said that ,in some black communities in the East, he discovered that it was generally believed J. Edgar Hoover had black roots and was even referred to as a “soul brother” in some circles. Writer Gore Vidal, a contemporary of the Director who grew up in Washington, D.C. in the 1930s also said in an interview: “It was always said in my family and around the city that Hoover was mulatto. And that he came from a family that passed.”
So, as you contemplate the many layers of political intrigue addressed in this article and populating the headlines, airwaves and social media today, keep in mind that things may not always appear as they seem. As the Wizard of Oz himself, Frank Morgan said way back in 1939. “Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain!” Oftentimes it is the legacy that reveals the real truths of an age or era. And that legacy can only be accurately deciphered through the lens of time.

John F. Kennedy, Politics, Pop Culture, Presidents, Sports

Do You Remember January 22, 1973?

jan 23, 1973

Original publish date:  January 22, 2019

Were you alive on January 22, 1973? If so, consider this a reminder, if not, let me show what a typical day was like for a late-stage Baby Boomer like me. January 22, 1973 was a Monday in the Age of Aquarius. All in the Family was # 1 on television and The Poseidon Adventure was tops at the box office. Carly Simon was riding the top of the charts with her hit song “You’re so vain.” A song that has kept people guessing who she’s singing about to this day. Is it Warren Beatty? Mick Jagger? David Cassidy? Cat Stevens? David Bowie? James Taylor? All of whom have been accused. Carly has never fessed up, although she once admitted that the subject’s name contains the letters A, E, and R.

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The month of January 1973 had started on a somber note with memorial services in Washington D.C. for President Harry S Truman on the 5th (he died the day after Christmas 1972). Then, Judge John Sirica began the Nixon impeachment proceedings on the 8th with the trial of seven men accused of committing a ” third rate burglary” of the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate. Next came the Inauguration of Richard Nixon (his second) on the 20th. Historians pinpoint Nixon’s speech that day as the end of the “Now Generation” and the beginning of the “Me Generation.” Gone was JFK’s promise of a “New Frontier,” lost was the compassionate feeling of the Civil Rights movement and LBJ’s dream of a “Great Society.” The self-help of the 1960s quickly morphed into the self-gratification of the 1970s, which ultimately devolved into the selfishness of the 1980s.

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The line between want and need became hopelessly blurred and remains so to this day.
Twelve years before, John F. Kennedy decreed, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” On January 20th, 1973, Richard Nixon, purposely twisted JFK’s inaugural line by declaring , “In our own lives, let each of us ask—not just what will government do for me, but what can I do for myself?” At that moment, the idealism of the sixties gave way to narcissistic self-interest, distrust and cynicism in government of the seventies. Although it had been coming for years, when change finally arrived, it happened so fast that most of us never even noticed.
January 22nd was warm and rainy. It was the first Monday of Nixon’s second term and it would be one for the books. That day, Nixon announced that the war in Vietnam was over. The day before, his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ signed off on a treaty that effectively ended the war; on paper that is. The settlement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam. It addition, the United States agreed to the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisers (totaling about 23,700) and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In return, the North Vietnamese agreed to release all U.S. and other prisoners of war. It was agreed that the DMZ at the 17th Parallel would remain a provisional dividing line, with eventual reunification of the country “through peaceful means.”
That same day, the United States Supreme Court issued their landmark decision 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Better known as Roe v. Wade. Instantly, the laws of 46 states making abortion illegal were rendered unconstitutional. In a 7-2 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a woman’s right to privacy extended to her right to make her own medical decisions, including having an abortion. The decision legalized abortion by specifically ordering that the states make no laws forbidding it. Rove V. Wade came the same day as the lesser known ruling, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), which overturned the abortion law of Georgia.

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The Georgia law in question permitted abortion only in “cases of rape, severe fetal deformity, or the possibility of severe or fatal injury to the mother.” Other restrictions included the requirement that the procedure be “approved in writing by three physicians and by a three-member special committee that either continued pregnancy would endanger the pregnant woman’s life or “seriously and permanently” injure her health; the fetus would “very likely be born with a grave, permanent and irremediable mental or physical defect”; or the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest.” Only Georgia residents could receive abortions under this statutory scheme: non-residents could not have an abortion in Georgia under any circumstances. The plaintiff, a pregnant woman known as “Mary Doe” in court papers, sued Arthur K. Bolton, then the Attorney General of Georgia, as the official responsible for enforcing the law. The same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in Roe v. Wade, invalidated the Georgia abortion law.
The Roe v. Wade case, filed by “Jane Roe,” challenged a Texas statute that made it a crime to perform an abortion unless a woman’s life was in danger. Roe’s life was not at stake, but she wanted to safely end her pregnancy. The court sided with Roe, saying a woman’s right to privacy “is broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.” Dozens of cases have challenged the decision in Roe v. Wade in the 46 years since the landmark ruling and the echoes of challenge are heard to this day.

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And what did Nixon think about that day’s ruling? The same Oval Office taping system that would bring about his downfall in the Watergate Scandal recorded his thoughts on Roe V. Wade for posterity. “I know there are times when abortions are necessary,” he told aide Chuck Colson, “I know that – when you have a black and a white, or a rape. I just say that matter-of-factly, you know what I mean? There are times… Abortions encourage permissiveness. A girl gets knocked up, she doesn’t have to worry about the pill anymore, she goes down to the doctor, wants to get an abortion for five dollars or whatever.” Yep, that was the President of the United States talking. And his day wasn’t even over yet.
At 3:39 p.m. Central Time, former President Lyndon B. Johnson placed a call to his Secret Service agents on the LBJ ranch in Johnson City, Texas. He had just suffered a massive heart attack. The agents rushed into LBJ’s bedroom where they found Johnson lying on the floor still clutching the telephone receiver in his hand. The President was unconscious and not breathing. Johnson was airlifted in one of his own airplanes to Brooke Army General hospital in San Antonio where he was pronounced dead on arrival. Johnson was 64 years old. Shortly after LBJ’s death, his press secretary telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS who was in the middle of a report on the Vietnam War during his CBS Evening News broadcast. Cronkite abruptly cut his report short and broke the news to the American public.

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His death meant that for the first time since 1933, when Calvin Coolidge died during Herbert Hoover’s final months in office, that there were no former Presidents still living; Johnson had been the sole living ex-President Harry S. Truman’s recent death. Johnson had suffered three major heart attacks and, with his heart condition recently diagnosed as terminal, he returned to his ranch to die. He had grown his previously close-cut gray hair down past the back of his neck, his silver curls nearly touching his shoulders. Prophetically, LBJ often told friends that Johnson men died before reaching 65 years old, and he was 64. Had Johnson chosen to run in 1968 (and had he won) his death would have came 2 days after his term ended. As of this 2019 writing, Johnson remains the last former Democratic President to die.

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L-R-Haldeman-Ehrlichman-Kissinger-Nixon-Sec. of State Wm. P. Rogers

Nixon mentioned all of these events (and more) on his famous tapes. All the President’s men are there to be heard. Along with Colson, Nixon talks with H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman (whom ha calls a “softhead” that day), Bebe Rebozo, Ron Ziegler, and Alexander Haig. Haldeman is the first to inform Nixon of LBJ’s death in “Conversation 036-051” by stating “He’s dead alright.” For his part, Nixon states in “Conversation 036-061” that it makes the “first time in 40 years that there hasn’t been a former President. Hoover lived through all of 40 years” and then refers to the recent peace treaty, “In any event It’ll make him (LBJ) look better in the end than he would have looked otherwise, so… The irony that he died before we got something down there. The strange twists and turns that life takes.”

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Another event took place that night to round out the day, but unlike the others, you won’t find mention of it on the Nixon tapes. In Jamaica, a matchup of two undefeated heavyweight legends took place. Undisputed world heavyweight champion Smokin’ Joe Frazier (29-0) took on the number one ranked heavyweight challenger George Foreman (37-0) in Jamaica’s National Stadium. Foreman dominated Frazier by scoring six knockdowns in less than two rounds. Foreman scored a technical knockout at 1:35 of the second round to dethrone Frazier and become the new undisputed heavyweight champion (the third-youngest in history after Floyd Patterson and Cassius Clay). This was the fight where ABC’s television broadcaster Howard Cosell made the legendary exclamation, “Down goes Frazier! Down goes Frazier! Down goes Frazier!”
“This is a peace that lasts, and a peace that heals.” Nixon announced to the American people the next day. The announcement came exactly 11 years, one month and one day after the first American death in the Vietnam conflict: 25-year-old Army Specialist 4th Class James Thomas Davis of Livingston, Tenn., who had been killed in an ambush by the Viet Cong outside of Saigon on Dec. 22, 1961. For you budding numerologists out there, that translates to 11-1-1. It was all downhill from there. LBJ’s death precipitated the cancellation of several Inauguration events and a week later, on January 30, former Nixon aides G. Gordon Liddy, James W. McCord Jr. and five others were convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping in the Watergate incident. The dominoes were falling and eventually “Down goes Nixon! Down goes Nixon!”

Assassinations, John F. Kennedy, Politics, Presidents

A Christmas Car Bomb For JFK. Part II

kennedy car bomb attempt ii

Original publish date:  December 20, 2018

The Secret Service alerted Palm Beach police to be on the look out for Pavlick’s 1950 Buick. Around 9 p.m. on December 15, he was arrested as he entered the city via the Flagler Memorial Bridge onto Royal Poinciana Way. Palm Beach motorcycle police officer Lester Free stopped the light colored Buick for driving erratically on the wrong side of the road and for crossing the center line. When Free called in the license plates authorities realized they had Pavlick. Squad cars sped to the scene and surrounded the dynamite laden car and arrested the feeble old man without incident.
Once in custody Pavlick begin “singing like a bird.” He unashamedly admitted to his plans and detailed his movements and activities. Pavlick told the arresting officers, “Joe Kennedy’s money bought the White House and the Presidency. I had the crazy idea I wanted to stop Kennedy from being President.” When the Secret Service learned those details the agency was shocked. Secret Service Director U.E. Baughman later said it was the most serious assassination attempt since militant Puerto Rican pro-independence activists stormed the Capitol in an attempt on President Harry S Truman on November 1, 1950.
An Associated Press dispatch, dated December 16, 1960, announced: “A craggy-faced retired postal clerk who said he didn’t like the way John F. Kennedy won the election is in jail on charges he planned to kill the president-elect. Richard Pavlick, 73, was charged by the Secret Service with planning to make himself a human bomb and blow up Kennedy and himself.” It was only then that the public learned just how close Pavlick came to killing Kennedy.
kennedy-presidency-almost-ended-before-he-was-inaugurated-2Because Pavlick didn’t get near Kennedy on the day he was arrested, the story was not immediate national news. The story of Pavlick’s arrest happened the same day as a terrible airline disaster, known as the TWA Park Slope Plane Crash, in which two commercial planes collided over New York City, killing 134 people (including 6 on the ground). The plane crash story, the worst air disaster in U.S. history up to that time, occupied the national headlines and led the television and radio newscasts.
The media was laser focused on the crash’s only survivor, 11-year-old Stephen Lambert Baltz who had been traveling alone on his way to spend Christmas in Yonkers with relatives. The boy was thrown from the plane into a snowbank where his burning clothing was extinguished. Barely alive and conscious, he was badly burned and had inhaled burning fuel. He died of pneumonia the next day. The assassination plot quickly faded from public attention.
Initially, Pavlick was charged with attempting to assassinate the new President. Pavlick told reporters that he was looking forward to the trial as an opportunity to voice his theories about the rigged election, Kennedy was a fraud and that he (Pavlick) was simply a patriot trying to save the Republic. For his part, Kennedy remained nonplussed about the attempt to kill him. On the day of the incident, JFK held a news conference outside his Palm Beach “Winter White House” to introduce his choice for Secretary of State, Dean Rusk. The sympathetic Kennedy urged the Justice Department, headed by his Attorney General / younger brother Bobby, not to bring Pavlick to trial. Political adversaries theorized that Kennedy and his advisers worried that a trial might turn Pavlick into a hero for right wing causes and may even inspire copy cats.
ar-812049453On January 27, 1961, a week after Kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States, Pavlick was committed to the United States Public Health Service mental hospital in Springfield, Missouri. He was indicted for threatening Kennedy’s life seven weeks later. The case would drag on for years without resolution. Belmont Postmaster Thomas M. Murphy had been promised that he would remain an anonymous informant, but was quickly identified as the tipster by the media. At first he was hailed as a hero and his boss, the Postmaster General, commended his actions. Congress even passed a resolution praising him. But then, fervent right wing publisher William Loeb of the Manchester Union Leader, New Hampshire’s influential state-wide newspaper, began defending Pavlick. Turns out, Loeb held many of the same opinions about Kennedy as the would-be assassin.
richard-paul-pavlickLoeb very publicly protested that Pavlick was being persecuted and denied his sixth amendment right to a speedy trial. Loeb’s newspaper disputed the insanity ruling and insisted the defendant have his day in court. Once the newspaper took up Pavlick’s cause, Murphy and his family began receiving hate mail, death threats and anonymous phone calls at all hours of the day and night accusing him of helping to frame Pavlick and for “railroading an innocent man.” The abuse continued for years after Murphy’s November 14, 2002 death at age 76. Even today, the surviving Murphy children are targeted by right-wing groups whenever the case gets a new round of public attention.
Charges against Pavlick were dropped on December 2, 1963, ten days after JFK’s assassination. Judge Emett Clay Choate ruled that Pavlick was incapable of telling right from wrong-the legal definition of insanity-but nonetheless ordered that the would-be assassin remain in the Missouri mental hospital. The federal government officially dropped charges in August 1964, and Pavlick was released from custody on December 13, 1966. Pavlick had been institutionalized for nearly six years after his arrest, and three years after Oswald killed John F. Kennedy.
After his release, Pavlick returned to Belmont. He began parking in front of the Murphy house seated in his car for hours every day watching it. But since there were no laws on the books against stalking in 1966, police could do little to inhibit the suspicious activities. Pavlick always denied any malicious intent and was never found to be armed. Belmont police officers would park their squad cars nearby to keep an eye on Pavlick, sometimes for several hours at a stretch. If the officer was called away, the family felt unsafe. Pavlick continued his old habit of letter writing and phone calling media outlets and government officials with rants proclaiming his innocence yet strangely justifying his actions. Pavlick died at the age of 88 on Veteran’s Day, November 11, 1975 at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Manchester, N.H. He remained unrepentant to the end.
Pavlick is unique among Presidential Assassins (would-be and otherwise) for one reason: his age. Of the four successful Presidential assassins, Lee Harvey Oswald was 24; John Wilkes Booth, 26; Leon Czolgosz was 28 when he assassinated William McKinley, and Charles Guiteau 39 when he murdered James A. Garfield. Of those unsuccessful few, Richard Lawrence was 35 when he attacked Andrew Jackson, John F. Schrank was 36 when he shot Teddy Roosevelt, Giuseppe “Joe” Zangara was 32 when he attempted to assassinate then-President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme was 27 and Sarah Jane Moore 45 when they individually tried to shoot Gerald Ford and John Hinckley Jr. was 25 when he shot Ronald Reagan. Richard Paul Pavlick was 73 years old at the time of his attempt.
gty_jackie_kennedy_011_nt_131017_9x14_1600In today’s 24-hour-a-day, scandal-driven media environment, it is hard to believe that an incident of this magnitude would go unnoticed. Or would it? Sure, we all know about the very public assassination threats and attempts once they are out in the open. But what about those threats that are never reported? In Pavlick’s case, the public learned about it from the would-be assassin himself. He was proud of his plans and, after capture, boasted about it to anyone that came within earshot. The answer can be found in the name of the organization protecting the President: The Secret Service is, well, secret.
Although records prior to the “information age” are hard to come by, former Secret Service Agent Floyd M. Boring (who worked for three presidents and was with Franklin D. Roosevelt when he died at Warm Springs, Georgia) stated that during the period 1949–1950, the Secret Service investigated 1,925 threats against Harry S Truman. Another study, in the September 7, 1970 issue of Time magazine, claimed the number of annual threats against the President rose from 2,400 in 1965 to 12,800 in 1969.
The Secret Service does not generally place a number on the threats they receive, nor do they feel the need to investigate each and every one nowadays. On June 1, 2017 CBS news reported “Threats against President Trump for his first six months in office are tracking about six to eight per day…It’s about the same number of threats made against former Presidents Obama and George W. Bush while they were in office.” Another report contrarily states that President Barack Obama received more than 30 potential death threats a day. That was an increase of 400% from the 3,000 a year or so under President George W. Bush. A recent news story reported that In the first 12 days of Donald Trump’s administration, 12,000 assassination tweets alone were recorded. The vast majority of the tweets are jokes or sarcastic jibes, but still, that is a BIG number.
Today, Presidential death threats are handled by approximately 3,200 special agents and an additional 1,300 uniformed officers guard the White House, the Treasury building and foreign diplomatic missions in Washington. So it can be assumed that these crackpots in search of lasting infamy are a lot more common than we think and will, sadly, continue to pop up from time-to-time. The best we can hope for is that the vast majority will remain unknown and forgotten. Like Richard Paul Pavlick.

Assassinations, John F. Kennedy, Politics, Presidents

A Christmas Car Bomb For JFK. Part I

kennedy car bomb attempt i

Original publish date: December 13, 2018

I’m not the only “History Nerd” in my family. A while back, Rhonda asked me to to tell her the story about the “Kennedy Car Bomb.” What? I replied. I have NO idea what you’re talking about, but, DO go on. She then outlined the story about a 73-year-old postal worker who hatched a plot to kill President-elect John F. Kennedy back in December of 1960 to keep the “Catholics” from taking over the world. This Saturday marks the the 58th anniversary of the arrest of Richard Paul Pavlick, a retired United States postal worker from New Hampshire whose name is familiar to only the most dedicated assassinologists out there.
Pavlick was born on February 13, 1887, in Belmont, New Hampshire. Belmont was also known as Upper Gilmanton in reference to the town of Gilmanton located four miles away. Gilmanton is best known for two pop-culture references. First, it was the model for the scandalous New England town setting for both the novel and the Soap Opera “Peyton Place” and was in fact the birthplace of the story’s author Grace Metalious in 1964. And second, Gilmanton is the birthplace of America’s first serial killer, H.H. Holmes (Herman Webster Mudgett) on May 16, 1861.
After serving in the U.S. Army during World War I, Richard Pavlick was appointed postmaster at one of several branches in heavily Irish Catholic, Democratic Boston, Massachusetts. Pavlick owed his appointment to President Calvin Coolidge, a fellow New Englander. Pavlick, a loyal Republican, hated Catholics and Democrats with a burning passion. And most of all he hated Boston’s powerful Fitzgerald and Kennedy Families. After he retired in the 1950s, Pavlick spent most of his days writing enraged and belligerent letters to public figures, magazines and newspapers.
73-year-old Pavlick, like all assassins (would-be or otherwise), was a nobody from 117308037_1402438300nowhere. He lived alone and had no family to speak of. Locals in his hometown of Belmont remember him for his angry political rants and public outbursts at local public meetings. After accusing the town of poisoning his water, Pavlick once confronted the local water company supervisor with a gun, which was then promptly confiscated. His central complaint was that the American flag was not being displayed appropriately. He often criticized the government and blamed most of the country’s problems on the Catholics. But the perpetually grumpy, prune-faced Pavlick focused most of his anger on the Kennedy family and their “undeserved” wealth.
Pavlick’s hatred toward the Kennedy clan boiled over after the close of the 1960 election when John F. Kennedy defeated Republican Richard Nixon to become President of the United States. JFK’s election sent Pavlick to new heights of paranoid rage. At that moment, Dick Pavlick determined that Kennedy would never serve a single day in office. Pavlick became convinced the pope would be running the government from Rome. He started to make comments like “someone should shoot him (Kennedy) before he takes office.” One witness heard Pavlick say, “The Kennedy money bought him the White House” and that Pavlick “wanted to teach the United States the presidency is not for sale.”
Pavlick signed over his run-down property to a local organization known as the Spaulding Youth Center, packed everything he owned into the back of his 1950 Buick and left town. Soon, Thomas M. Murphy, Belmont’s 34-year-old U.S. Postmaster began receiving bizarre rambling rant postcards from Pavlick stating that soon, the town would hear from him “in a big way.”
It had been almost a century-and-a-half since New England had produced a U.S. President (John & John Quincy Adams) so Granite Staters took a keen interest in their new Commander-in-Chief from Massachusetts. Postmaster Murphy was concerned at the strange tone of the postcards, so he did what postmasters do; he began looking at the postmarks. Murphy noticed that the postmarks were from communities where Kennedy had recently visited and the dates coincided with those visits. Murphy contacted a local police officer named Earl Sweeney, who then contacted the Secret Service.
The Secret Service uncovered several rambling, vaguely threatening letters which Pavlick had sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Later, agents discovered that not only was Pavlick stalking Kennedy on the campaign trail, he had also visited the Kennedy compound at Hyannis Port, cased the house in Georgetown and traveled south to the family winter quarters at Palm Beach. Along the way, Pavlick photographed the Kennedy homes, cars, family and friends, all while checking out JFK’s security. When agents interviewed locals they learned about Pavlick’s explosive temper and worse, that Pavlick had recently purchased enough dynamite which, according to a Secret Service official, was “enough to blow up a small mountain.” They immediately put out a nationwide alert for Pavlick with descriptions of him and his Buick.
Shortly before 10 a.m. on December 11, 1960, Kennedy was in Palm Beach, Florida preparing to assume the office of the President by deciding on his Cabinet selections and working on his Inaugural address. Unbeknownst to the President-elect, Pavlick had shadowed Kennedy south with the intention of blowing himself up and taking JFK with him. His plan was simple and deadly. He loaded his car with 10 sticks of dynamite, packed them into the body of the car and wired them to a detonator switch within easy reach of the driver’s seat. Then, he parked outside the Kennedy’s Palm Beach compound, positioned his car near the door and waited. His plan was to sit tight until Kennedy left the house to attend Sunday Mass at St. Edward Church and then ram his car into JFK’s limo in a Kamikaze attack.
gettyimages-89859906Luckily for Mr. Kennedy, fate stepped in to save the day… and the President-elect’s life. Kennedy did not leave his house alone that morning. Much to Pavlick’s surprise, JFK opened the door holding the hand of his 3-year-old daughter Caroline alongside his wife, Jacqueline who was holding the couple’s newborn son John, Jr., less than a month old. While Pavlick hated John F. Kennedy, he hadn’t signed up to kill Kennedy’s family. So Pavlick eased his itchy trigger-finger off the detonator switch and let the Kennedy limousine glide harmlessly past his car. No one realized that the beat-up old Buick and the white haired old man in it was literally a ticking time bomb. Pavlick glared at the car as it slipped away and decided he would try again another day. Luckily, he never got a second chance.
Over the next few days, Pavlick planned his next opportunity to kill the Catholic President. Pavlick came up with a brand new plan. This time, he would enter St. Edward Church wearing a dynamite vest and explode it during Mass the next Sunday. Apparently the thought of killing innocent bystanders was no longed a concern. He couldn’t pass up the opportunity to kill JFK and take as many Catholics with him along the way. A couple of days later, while visiting the inside of the church to scout it’s lay out, his disheveled appearance and suspicious behavior aroused suspicion. He was escorted out of the church and the incident reported to the police. The Secret Service now knew that Pavlick was definitely in town and actively pursuing Kennedy. But one problem remained. Where was Richard Paul Pavlick?
Next Week: PART II